[404] The first public TV broadcast in Estonia was in July 1955. Regular, live radio broadcasts began in December 1926. Deregulation in the field of electronic media has brought radical changes compared to the beginning of the 1990s. The first licences for private TV broadcasters were issued in 1992. The first private radio station went on the air in 1990. The most internationally known Estonian films include Those Old Love Letters, The Heart of the Bear, Names in Marble, The Singing Revolution, Autumn Ball, 1944, and The Fencer.
In 1343, a major rebellion started, known as the St. George's Night Uprising, encompassing the whole area of northern Estonia and Saaremaa. The Teutonic Order finished suppressing the rebellion in 1345, and the next year the Danish king sold his possessions in Estonia to the Order. [50][51] The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the upper-class German minority. [52] For the subsequent centuries Low German remained the language of the ruling elite in both Estonian cities and the countryside.
[69] The population of Estonia grew rapidly for a 60–70-year period, until the Great Famine of 1695–97 in which some 70, 000–75, 000 people died – about 20% of the population. [70] In 1700, the Great Northern War started, and by 1710 the whole of Estonia was conquered by the Russian Empire. [71] The war again devastated the population of Estonia, with the 1712 population estimated at only 150, 000–170, 000. [72] In 1721, Estonia was divided into two governorates: the governorate of Estonia, which includes the northern part of Estonia (such as the Tallinn area), and the southern governorate of Livonia, which extends to the northern part of Latvia. [73] Russian administration restored all the political and landholding rights of Baltic Germans.
Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet occupation and programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.
The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling, and cross-country skiing. Estonia has been one of the most successful nations at the Olympics in terms of medals won per capita. [419] Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the total medals' table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Estonia has many indoor and outdoor facilities dedicated to various sports branches. [420] Kiiking, a relatively new sport, was invented in 1993 by Ado Kosk in Estonia.
[375] Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. [376] Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities.
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Many artisans' and merchants guilds were formed during the period. [55] Protected by their stone walls and membership in the Hansa, prosperous cities like Reval and Dorpat repeatedly defied other rulers of medieval Livonia. [56] After the decline of the Teutonic Order after its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. [57] Post-Reformation Era[edit] "Academia Dorpatensis" (now University of Tartu) was founded in 1632 by King Gustavus as the second university in the kingdom of Sweden.
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Kiiking involves a modified swing in which the rider of the swing tries to go around 360 degrees. See also[edit] Outline of Estonia Index of Estonia-related articles Notes[edit] References[edit] ^ "PHC 2011: over a quarter of the population are affiliated with a particular religion". Statistics Estonia. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Two of them are large enough to constitute separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. [164][165] A small, recent cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia. Estonia has over 1, 400 lakes. Most are very small, with the largest, Lake Peipus, being 3, 555 km2 (1, 373 sq mi); it is the fifth largest lake in Europe, [166] and also the largest trans-boundary lake in the whole continent.
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